These ships could not navigate down as far as the Royal Docks. It should be remembered that London is already the worlds second most globalised city (Dessibourg, Hales, and Mendoza Pea, 2017) and has been in that position since the index began in 2008. At the time of the bid, 60% of the venues and facilities were in place. Different approaches are taken for different areas, whether the aim is a regeneration project or the economic support for the project. East London, and mainly Stratford, was regenerated for the 2012 Olympics, costing around 10 billion. For the most part, predictions showed that on event days, 78% of spectators were likely to travel from within London and only 22% from the rest of the UK and Europe. Why was Stratford chosen for the 2012 Olympics? London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics has kick-started regeneration programmes in the area. The containerised cargo was much more efficient for transporting goods, but it required larger ships. On 17 June 2005, British Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the Government's total commitment to London's bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. What was Stratford like after the decline? The International Olympic Committee's evaluation report was generally very positive. There were also to be many upgrades to National Rail services with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a new high-speed rail link, several new stations and upgrades to stations such as King's Cross St Pancras. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. This can negatively affect the environment (pollution), traffic (jams), and the availability of parking spaces. While many of the planned legacies were met, there were some disadvantages along the way. This lasted for several decades before it was regenerated prior to the 2012 London Olympics. Currently, about 40% of the 2,818 houses will be affordable. What happened when the Manchester Docks closed? In some boroughs, unemployment went up during the Olympics rather than down. Why was Newham chosen for the Olympics? Create and find flashcards in record time. Socially there were many benefits (see below) but these were not always long-lived, and participation in sport has now returned to pre-2012 levels. Annual wages were low and unemployment was high. For comparison, the 2004 games in Athens cost around 7billion (US$13.5billion) and estimates for the 2008 games in Beijing run between 10billion and 20billion (US$19billion and US$39billion). [22], Australian construction company Lend Lease Corp Ltd was chosen to build the Olympic Village. Additionally there were concerns that unions, including the RMT, would strike near or during the proceedings for bonuses and that construction deadlines would not be met. Environmental - Some of the ways the park is sustainable are walking routes, water-efficient design of homes, and protecting natural habitats. Liveability can include how walkable or cyclable a place is. The construction took years, disrupting local communities. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_282767.pdf Visitors impact especially useful on p8. 1978: Eleven die in sleeper train inferno. Comparison had been drawn between the Manchester bid and this one, in terms of the amount of government support, and the overwhelmingly hostile attitude of the London-based press to Manchester's bid. The Royal Docks eventually closed to commercial traffic in late 1981. The LOCOG planned out the uses of important stadiums and transportation systems after the games, as well as the social factors of the 2012 legacy. [24], The Olympic Village's accommodations are the most spacious in Olympic history. ALL of the Olympic venues have been sold. Stratford was home to the athletes' Olympic Village and several key sporting venues: the London Stadium, London Aquatics Centre and the Lee Valley VeloPark.The ArcelorMittal Orbit was constructed to overlook the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, an observation tower and Britain's largest piece of public art. Whilst the Olympic Park would undoubtedly leave a strong sporting and environmental legacy for London, the magnitude of the project, including the planned upgrade and expansion of transport infrastructure, would require careful planning to ensure all facilities and rehabilitation projects were completed on time. Londoners living in the Stratford area vacated their homes to avoid the crowds . [1] Public transport, an aspect of the proposal which scored poorly for the bid, saw numerous improvements, including to the London Underground and the new "Olympic Javelin" service.[4]. 3 - Location of the Olympic Park Google Earth (2022). The containerised cargo was much more efficient for transporting goods, but it required larger ships. London competed with other cities to host the 2012 Olympics. The 2012 Olympic Games, including the Paralympics, brought much-needed regeneration to certain parts of London. 1988: Piper Alpha oil rig ablaze. Disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK were confident that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would encourage people across the disability spectrum to take up sport. Olympics and their economic impact: Updated research roundup. The Department of Education provided GBP 65 million to encourage efforts by physical education teachers to organise competitive sports, embed best practice and train primary school teachers. Across the whole of London, overall unemployment fell during the Olympic period. The IOC evaluation commission chair Nawal El Moutawakel speaking at a press conference in London observed: "We could feel it, hear it and see it." The UKs Home Office (the ministry of the interior) invested GBP 40 million in communications upgrades for Londons Underground, doubling radio capacity at key stations to help authorities deal with any emergency. Why is regeneration needed geography? [1], The IOC noted that future negotiations were necessary to ensure the use of the Old Trafford and Villa Park football stadiums. In addition to stadium seats, there would be 20,000 10 (US$19) tickets for the Olympic Park to watch events on big screens. The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than 100million. Financial: the British government was ready to back any over-spend on the construction of Games facilities. In Liverpool, the collapse of the Albert Docks in the 1960s caused warehouses to become abandoned, people to lose their jobs, environmental quality to decrease and people to move out of the area. On this page, we look at the London Olympics of 2012 as a case study of the costs and benefits for one country hosting an international sports event. 5. It involves University College London (UCL), the BBC, Sadler's Wells, the V&A (Victoria & Albert) and the London College of Fashion. Case studies are a good way of putting the concepts into the real world and seeing exactly how they work and what influences them. The Olympics brought more than 9bn of investment to east London, much of which went into transport. Summary - London - opportunities & challenges geography gcse. Urban regeneration case studies, as the name suggests, are examples of regeneration projects occurring in urban areas. Also some venues (such as those for sailing) were outside the boundaries of Greater London. Sustainable and biodiverse vegetation that is suited for an urban environment was used. In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome, the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games. 560 million for new venues, including 250 million for the Olympic Stadium. Deindustrialisation is a process of social and economic change that happens when industrial capacity is either reduced or entirely removed from a region. The first phase, which involves the development of 4,200residential buildings and other accommodations for the village, began in 2008. [30] Paralympic tickets go on sale on 9 September 2011. Fig. The construction of the Aquatics Centre and the Velopark was confirmed before London won the Games, so it might be more accurate to call them legacies of the bid rather than of the Games. The Olympic and Paralympic Games inspired over 2,000 community projects designed to educate young people in the UK about sport, health & fitness, art and Olympic values. This is because Stratford is now a more affluent area, increasing the cost of living. How much did the regeneration of Stratford cost? The most prominent of these are arguably the processes of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation. Factoring in pre-Games construction and other early Games-related economic activity, an Oxford Economics study commissioned by the Lloyds banking group estimates that the Games will generate GBP 16.5 billion for the British economy from 2005 to 2017. A town centre, like an urban area more generally, is a common place targeted by regeneration projects. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Stratford's status, along with the already. It was one of the most deprived communities of the UK, it had a high population density, low annual income, high unemployment, it had readily available waste and industrial lands for building, and it was located only 7 minutes from the City. It is around 120 miles (192km) from central London. One of the most prominent of the proposed legacy is the conversion of the Olympic Village into 3,600apartments, most of which will be affordable housing. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. The death blow to the docks was the creation of containerised cargo and other technological changes. A Tracey Manning, working men's caf, East End Centre, 2006 Tracey provided breakfast to the local workers beginning at 4 a.m every day for 13 years. The Olympic Zone encompasses all of the facilities within the 500-acre (2km) Olympic Park in Stratford. 2012 was seen as a window of opportunity as observers saw Europe as the destination for the Games. This happens for many reasons. ", Impact of 2012 London Olympics on Property Markets, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_bid_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics&oldid=1148096312. Environmental - the Olympic bid was partly successful on the basis of sustainability. Stories From 6 Jul. Waterways were improved so they would be suited for the new Olympic Park. In order to create the site, 450 Housing Association flats, which is where the poorer people lived, were torn down. 1: Regeneration in the UK (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blakenhall_Gardens_regeneration_in_Wolverhampton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3397592.jpg) by Roger Kidd (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/12192) licensed by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en), Supporting tourism growth and development in northern Devon. In early 2007, it was suggested that the actual cost of the games could exceed 9.35billion (US$18.03billion), well over the bid projection. [3]. These ships could not navigate down as far as the Royal Docks. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. I was pretty sure I wanted to go to the latter, but I needed Stanford as a backup. Stratford ultimately went from being a deprived community to a more affluent place to live. 300,000 plants were planted in the Olympic Parks wetland area. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Building sustainable urban systems for the future, Is this a good page? Zimbalist, 2018. Some buildings were converted while others were moved to other parts of the country. [4], Suggest why some people feel that the Games provided a tangible legacy. Stratford was chosen because it was the most deprived community of the UK, it already had existing waste and industrial land, and it was located within 7 minutes of the City. Following the success of the Industrial Revolution, the UK has since undergone mass deindustrialisation. Content and case studies in context for post-16 Geography. This is because there is a pattern of town centres undergoing periods of economic decline, resulting in the urban challenges mentioned above. During the Victorian Era, the Metropolitan Building Act, the new railway, and the creation of the Royal Docks accelerated industrialisation. All venues that will not have a planned use after the games are over will be built as temporary venues. [39], The Aquatics Centre after the games will include two 50-metre pools, a 25-metre diving pool and a fitness centre. 1952: London's trams trundle into history. There were advantages and disadvantages to this regeneration. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}513246N 00046W / 51.54615N 0.01269W / 51.54615; -0.01269. 1992: Riot police confront French truckers. It is now called the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Humble Beginnings Pre-Olympics, Stratford was viewed as being too far east to be considered a viable home for most businesses who operated from Central London. This was the largest transport project proposed for London, and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games. Stratford lacked proper infrastructure, and the environmental quality was poor. The site chosen covered parts of Stratford, Bow, Leyton and Hackney Wick in East London (figure 3). For example, London will have paid for an 80,000-seat athletics stadium, but will only possess a 25,000-seat stadium. The buildings are also expected to bring in more tourists, which is an economic benefit. Furthermore the cost of travelling and accommodation would rise across London which many thought would outprice tourists and leave many events under-attended. Overall, the UK's share of manufacturing outputs had significantly dropped to 4.9% by 1973, which was even lower than the 9.5% in 1830, pre-Industrial Revolution. Amongst these is the fact that both areas went from economic prosperity into drastic economic decline and suffered from lowering environmental quality, high unemployment rates, dereliction and social problems. Air quality in London at proposed Games-time is generally satisfactory. Buildings that were not getting a new life on-site were temporary ones, and they were relocated elsewhere after the games. When the Metropolitan Building Act restricted dangerous and toxic industries from operating in the metropolitan area, many businesses relocated to the river banks. More than 46,000 people worked on the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, 10 percent of whom were previously unemployed. The creation of containerised cargo and other technological changes. The area became more affluent, and therefore housing is still unaffordable for the poor(er) people in the community. The park is sustainable in a number of ways, eg walking and cycling routes, the provision of public. This meant that about 560 acres of land had been cleaned in order to build it. No. Athletes have been closely involved in the planning of the Olympic Village. At least 60 Games-related projects promoted greener travel, including a GBP 10 million investment to upgrade pedestrian and cycling routes across London. [2], At the time of the bid, the budget projection was around 2billion, but it was later estimated that the true cost would be around 9billion. 2012 was about the Olympic Games and also about the Paralympic Games. Other cities have fared less well with the legacy of such complex and expensive events. [38], One of the priorities governing the contents of London's bid was to avoid leaving "white elephants" after the games. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. In 2006 Most of land needed for games under public control and relocation sites agreed for those who have to move. The infrastructure was significantly improved for the whole area. By 2012, it was estimated that over 135,000hotel rooms would be available within 50kilometres of the Olympic Park, up from 103,000 at the time of the bid. For example, Edinburgh's regeneration scheme will include carbon-neutral housing and public transport links, extensions of the public transport network to connect more people to the city, the introduction of mixed-use neighbourhoods and a 'green network' that connects all the urban green spaces via low-emission routes. The construction of all the buildings creates 1,500 jobs, with at least 30% of those for local residents. Therefore, it can be difficult to compare and contrast projects directly. These projects took different forms, had different stakeholders and operated over different durations. The organising committee laid out the following figures: The revenue for the games was also projected: While this projection seemed reasonable, many were adamant about the actual costs. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Ken Livingstone, then the mayor of London, made it perfectly clear why the Olympics would be a boon. Tessa Jowell, the former Minister for Sport, once told a parliamentary committee that regenerating Stratford without hosting the Olympics would cost 300 million. Stratford's status, along with the already existing waste and industrial land, was the reason it was chosen in the UK's bid to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Stratford is now the 2nd most connected part of London, after King's Cross. These case studies inform about the nature of different regeneration projects, measures of success in a regeneration project and the different assessments according to different stakeholders. Create and find flashcards in record time. Some of the support can be attributed to the city's "Back the Bid" campaign, which included the slogan on posters that were hung around London in the months leading up to the decision to award the 2012 Games to London. In order to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012, new venues needed to be built. Afterwards, an estimated 2,500 jobs are available. Containerisation. Before construction, the site was a mixture of greenfield and brownfield land, and it included parts of the Hackney Marshes. Many Londoners challenged the high cost of the Olympics and the 20 per year council tax rise to fund it as well as the possibility of white elephant sites like the Millennium Dome being left. The conversion of the media and press centre into a creative industries centre for East London. Prior to construction, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA, 2015) excavated and cleaned more than 2.3 million cubic metres of contaminated soil. Fig. . As tension with the Soviet Union rose during the Cold War, a Royal Observer Corps (ROC) bunker was erected to watch over the British skies for any Soviet planes, bombs or missiles, Very limited. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ott/overseas-travel-and-tourismmonthly-release/august-2012/index.html Also pretty strong, same basic source as above but with other links that might be useful. Relive the Olympic and Paralympic Games through the eyes of the athletes. 10th season. Approximately 9000 jobs were lost or moved. At the same time, the area became known as a country retreat for wealthy merchants and financiers from the City. What kind of issues? Why was Stratford regenerated? However, this required the compulsory purchase of some businesses and this caused controversy, with some of the business owners claiming that the compensation offered was inadequate. There are a lot of great places to eat, drink and relax, from cafes and restaurants to theatres. For example, there is no use building lots of nice new houses if most people can't afford to buy them! Deindustrialisation and the closure of the Royal Docks. In Stratford, the average family incomeper year was 28,900, but in London overall, it was 37,000. The London bid team proposed that Stratford was the part of East London most in need of regeneration. There was an increase in crime and vandalism. Stevens, A. Economic - due to improved infrastructure, it has better connections to the rest of London. Look at these sites for more in-depth information. No. Lots of great places to eat, drink, relax, and shop, Stratford is one of the best-connected areas of London. In addition, several of the indoor arenas would be assembled elsewhere in the UK. Imagine that you live in the area that is going to be transformed by the Games. They will be able to accommodate elite, development, local club and community users. Regeneration is the process of upgrading existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change on a long-term scale. London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games", "London 2012 must learn from the 1bn Sydney hangover", "London 2012 venue: Royal Artillery Barracks", "The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment", "London reveals dramatic vision for 2012", "Lend Lease wins bid to build London's Olympic village", "The most spacious accommodation in Games history", London 2012 Tickets To go on Sale March 15, Six weeks to apply for London 2012 tickets from March, "London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games", "Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012", "How Britain will benefit from the games", Demolition work starts on Olympic Park site, "Who needs an Olympic pool when there's no room for a kickabout? The official London 2012 education programme Get Set operated over a four-year period across the UK providing flexible teaching resources for over 25,000 schools and 6.5 million young people to assist them in learning more about the London 2012 Games, the Olympic and Paralympic values and global citizenship. Four of the five finalist cities were from Europe. 4. With it, Stratford saw a lot of work opportunities. ODA [Olympic Delivery Authority], 2015. Stratford then experienced a massive decline. 75 pence of every pound spent on the Olympics went towards providing a lasting legacy to East London residents. [28], Additionally, there were to be two major park and ride sites off the M25 within 25 minutes of the Olympic Park capable of holding 12,000 cars. Make sure that the regeneration project benefits everyone. The purchased buildings were demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements. Furthermore, corn from the mills was readily accessible, so Stratford became known for bread baking and potato production. The UK won, and the planned legacies were put into action. Work for this began on East Bank, formerly known as Olympicopolis. These areas were chosen because they were in need of urban regeneration as they were more deprived compared to other regions in the UK. from June to October. The Olympic stadium ended up costing almost 3 times more than initially estimated: 701 million. Many of the materials used for construction came from overseas rather than local businesses. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Each apartment was billed to include Internet access and wireless networking and other state-of-the-art technology.[25]. Many disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK urged all people with disabilities to back the London 2012 bid. The construction of all the buildings creates 1,500 jobs, with at least 30% of those for local residents. Why was London chosen to host the 2012 Olympiad? It was one of the most deprived communities of the UK, it had a high population density, low annual income, high unemployment, it had readily available waste and industrial lands for building, and it was located only 7 minutes from the City. The land was left derelict and contaminated. but its impact adversely affected some of its population. 2. Public transport and infrastructure were significantly improved. The Illusory Economic Gains from Hosting the Olympics World Cup. The area chosen for the main Olympic facilities was a relatively deprived part of London: GCSEs are a qualification gained at age 16. ALL PAPER 2 CASE STUDIES GEOGRAPHY GCSE AQA - Grade 9 notes. However, both projects resulted in successful regeneration. "The most important thing is to show people that the Government is absolutely behind the bid", said Mr Blair, who travelled to the Far East before returning to chair the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, Scotland. Over 1,000 new trees were planted in East London. Works at Stratford, with workers. Perhaps most important, is to include the locals in these regeneration projects. Summary - Freiburg - sustainable urban living geography gcse. An important aspect of the legacy was what to do with the buildings and venues after the games. Regeneration can solve help the urban problems such as taking derelict, polluted, brown-field places to be restored and used for new purposes. Public transport, an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation,[26] was planned to see numerous improvements, including the expansion of the London Underground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the temporary "Olympic Javelin" service. Through examining these three metrics, it is impossible to consider whether a regeneration case study has been a success or a failure. [6], http://crln.acrl.org/content/75/1/24.full, http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/23434844, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140221-olympics-sochi-rio-de-janeiro-london-boris-johnson-montreal-athens-world/, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/02/03/270950685/did-london-get-an-economic-boost-from-the-2012-olympics. This would include a nursery and primary and secondary schools. Stratford was a significant transport hub by the early 19th century. The leaders of the opposition parties also attended the meeting and expressed their support of the venture.