Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. You know, in a way, he's like an authoritarian P.T. O "The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.". Check your understanding of various theories on the nature of intelligence by matching the names of their originators with the brief descriptions of the given theory's main theme. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. Therefore, making his speech very influential to Obama getting his point across. With Trump and Clinton, one can find also relatively high PTC values compared to the other candidates. Rhetorical Analysis Thesis Teaching Resources | TPT Note. Which rhetorical technique does this paragraph demonstrate? Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. 1, only the functional words (409 entries) have been used to reflect the style of each candidate. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. What is the main reason a speaker might use exclusive language? Focusing on governmental speeches written in French, Labb and Monire (2003; 2008a) have created a set of governmental corpora such as the Speeches from the Throne (Canada and Quebec), a corpus of the general policy statements of French governments (Labb and Monire, 2003; 2008a) as well as a collection of press releases covering the French presidential campaign of 2012 (Labb and Monire, 2013; Arnold and Labb, 2015). Obama uses rhetoric to achieve presenting his message of creating hope and change together in America while fixing the economic and social challenges and issues left behind from the previous president. In addition, Table 4 reports the percentage of pronouns, names, conjunctions, and others forms (e.g. Which type of appeal does Reagan use in this part of the speech? During this primary election, Donald Trump presents clearly an atypical figure, employing short sentences, a reduced vocabulary, repeating the same arguments with simple words (see Table 2). Even if the topics are not directly and fully controlled by the candidates, the debate format corresponds to a more spontaneous form of communication, able to reveal more closely the real person behind her/his projected image. A few studies focus on the legislative level (e.g. the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. Request Permissions, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. None of the other Democrat candidates shows a clear intensive use of this pronoun. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. This assignment is a quick way to review thesis writing and give students repetitive practice and quickly analyzing nonfiction writing. May 2018. An indispensable resource for understanding the U.S. presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly offers articles, features, review essays, and book reviews covering all aspects of the American presidency. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). 5. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. She did not like the press and the media and, in return, they do not like her much either. YouTube). These examples indicate clearly that the style is changing over time. Have them choose an audience to whom they would deliver an argumentative speech. _ :J~c%|l2\V-11fa[bOG;^Ba) QUnw(?HnKx6x. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. 4. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Hillary Clinton can also be characterized by a large use of the pronoun I (fourth most frequent lemma, see Table 2) that is also over-used (see Table 6). For the Democrats (Hillary Clinton, Martin OMalley, and Bernie Sanders), one can count nine TV debates held from 13 October 2015 (with five candidates) to 9 March 2016 (with two candidates). Single speeches. endobj However, as mentioned by Biber and Conrad (2009, p. 262): Language that has its source in writing but performed in speech does not necessarily follow the generalization [written vs. oral]. Through content analysis this thesis was designed to determine whether persuasive Students explore the "I Have a Dream" Foundation's website and brainstorm ways they can help themselves or others at their school achieve their educational dreams. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. In the midst of a troubled nation, President Bush effectively uses kairos, rhetorical appeals, and awareness of audience to provide a sense of security for those worrying about their country, a feeling of comfort for those grieving their loss, and a promise of revenge for those angered by the events of the day. In other words, the text P0 contains significantly more occurrences of the corresponding term than expected by a uniform distribution over the whole corpus. C) Loaded language is used to appeal to emotions. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty . The present study is focusing on two less explored aspects, namely, the electoral campaign on the one hand, and on the other, the oral form. In this table, the maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. Determine the cost of goods sold for 210,000 units, assuming a FIFO cost flow, a. causes the effective price to sellers to increase, b. affects the welfare of buyers of the good but not the welfare of sellers, c. causes the equilibrium quantity of the good to decrease, d. creates a burden that is usually borne entirely by the sellers of the good. After peer response has taken place, use the. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). Similarly, written texts can be memorized and then spoken. The top ten most frequent lemmas according to TV debates. Rhetorical Strategies in Speeches: Rhetorical devices are often utilized during speeches. Trump or Clinton). And we've seen that has really specific results. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. In Table 5, the second row indicates the PTC values for all candidates, showing clearly that Sanders presents the highest PTC value (12.12%) while OMalley exposes the smallest (4.26%). SHAPIRO: You point out that President Trump is much more eager than any of his predecessors to dehumanize his opponents. It is assumed that, for any term ti, its distribution follows a binomial law, with parameters n0 and p(ti) representing the probability of the term ti being randomly selected from the entire corpus. The top ten most specific terms per candidate. Looking back to Table 6, one can see that the terms Ohio, balanced, budget, and we and the first four most specific words describing Kasichs utterances. 4 0 obj In this type of analysis, the object of analysis is mostly some kind of book, a movie, or any other type of creative work. Types of Rhetorical Strategies. Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment. stream The Use Of Rhetoric In Donald Trump's Speech - 873 Words | Cram To obtain an overall measure of the intensity of the action over the descriptive part of a text, Kubt and Cech (2016) suggest to compute the ratio between the proportion of verbs divided by the sum of the proportion of the verbs and adjectives. 1 depicts three main groups, one Democrat, and two Republicans. MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. 1 May 2023. In the current study, the stylistic elements will be the words appearing in the functional words list (409 entries), and used previously in defining the LD measure. As one can see, the first-person pronoun (I or we) appears relatively high in this list (but does not appear in the top ten positions in the Brown corpus), and to a lesser extent you or it. The underlying hypothesis is to assume that the words serve as guides to the way the author thinks, acts, or feels. Primary Source Set Presidential Speeches - The Library of Congress The "Great Speeches Collection" from The History Place are available here in print and in audio. President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. Check the links to the online resources (in Websites section) make sure that they are still working prior to giving out this assignment. The public perceived J. Kerry as a kind of depressed person, serious, somber, and cold, adopting more frequently negative emotion expressions (e.g. stream On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. Remind students that the writer of the speech is sometimes not the person who delivered the speech, for example, and this will surprise some students. 00:00 / 00:00. endobj we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. Consider posing questions such as. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. Martnez and Gonzlez's (Citation 2012) study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistic meaning-making tools in analyzing U.S. presidential campaign speeches. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Read Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty generalization? This session would happen in about a week. 3), one can concludewith less than 1% chance of errorthat the term is significantly over-used in P0. In this session, students will respond each other's drafts using the, Determine and discuss the final due date with your students. From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. Extreme values are depicted in bold. A Rhetorical Criticism and Analysis of President Ronald Reagan's Inaugural Address: Applying the Burkeian Dramatistic Pentad Approach Marzuki Jamil Baki bin Haji Mohamed Johar Bachik Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program inSpeech Communicationat Eastern Illinois University. With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. Similar research has been conducted with other languages, such as Italian (Pauli and Tuzzi, 2009). The following rhetorical strategies were analyzed: metaphors, metonymies, analogies, pronouns, the active or passive voice . This sentence was selected through the over-used words I, not, deal (see Table 6), as well as bad, do, have, and just. (4) Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches sad, worthless, cut, lost) and physical words (e.g. From a topical perspective, our analysis generates a map showing the affinities between candidates. More precisely, this study has focused on the oral communication form using different TV debates in both political parties, a form less observed in previous studies. Sur la variabilit de la frquence des formes dans un corpus, The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic, Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data, Five trends in presidential rhetoric: an analysis of rhetoric from George Washington to Bill Clinton, Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank, Principes et Mthodes de Statistique Lexicale, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, The end of year addresses of the presidents of the Italian Republic (19482006): discourse similarities and differences, The Secret Life of Pronouns. Assignment Analysis - Excelsior OWL In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. This analysis is based on the thematic concentration of a text, providing a first overview at the recurrent topical terms used by each candidate. Table 6 shows the top ten most over-used terms for each candidate. electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. I think that it'll be interesting to see what happens next. Maria Engberg, Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen (eds), About Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, About the European Association for Digital Humanities, About the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations, 4 Evaluation of Stylistic Characteristics of the Candidates, 5 Evaluation of Topical Characteristics of the Candidates, http://observer.com/2016/11/email-reveals-clinton-camp-spied-on-sanders-delegates-before-convention/, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 EADH: The European Association for Digital Humanities. Patrick Henry and "Give Me Liberty!" - Lesson Plan - America in Class Have students discuss the elements of an argument that they plan on addressing. In this first example, the fiscal question appears with a proposition for a simple flat tax and in the second, an attack against Trump, but a religious concern appears also in the background. 8 25 Reagan's JFK speech rhetorical analysis essay.docx - Noah One can count nine word tokens (or simply tokens) and six word types (or types). write an analysis of a speech with in-text documentation. analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. MERCIECA: Absolutely. 3 0 obj With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. Webb (D)) or two debates (e.g. Be sure that your students are familiar with rhetorical strategies, literary devices, SOAPS, tone, diction, etc. As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Looking at the most frequent lemmas in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982), the first two are the same, but after them the order changes. Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. Rhetorical Analysis Of The Eulogy Of President Obama. Using the Diction system, Bligh et al. Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. W 2K Words to Know Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. Trump will also employ a rhetorical technique called paralipsis to make claims that he can't be. From overall stylistic measurements shown in Table 3, Ted Cruz appears with higher values than the mean. endobj 4 0 obj The two closest candidates are Clinton and Sanders (0.346), while the second shortest distance (0.360) joins Trump with Kasich. When considering overall stylistic indicators (see Table 3), Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders present a high LD value as well as a higher number of BW and TTR ratio than the mean. O to explain why military action is necessary Nominated by the Democrats (28 July 2016), Hillary Clinton always appeared as a cold woman, a member of the political establishment rejected by many people. Ready to begin? More than half the articles published by rhetorical critics during this period concern a single presidential speech. Table 5 reports both the h-point and the first four recurrent topical words. For Clinton, the term affordable must be related to the Affordable Care Act (or health insurance reform). Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. In this assignment, I will closely analyse the speech made by Earl Spencer for the funeral of . These three speeches are President Barack Obamas speech to children in 2009, George H.W. Table 4 presents these distributions, in percentage, over the nine candidates. Donald Trump seemed sincere, authentic, saying what he thinks, putting aside political correctness. % In this table, one can see another interesting fact related to the frequencies of the pronouns we and I. Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences. endobj The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. La campagne prsidentielle de 2012. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). MERCIECA: Yeah, so one of Trump's rhetorical strategies has been to use ad baculum, which is Latin and means threats of force or intimidation. The over-used terms and typical sentences associated with each candidate reveal their specific topics such as simple flat tax for Cruz, balanced budget for Kasich, negativity with Trump, or critiques against large corporations and Wall Street for Sanders. This study found a positive correlation between the presidential approval polls and positive tweets containing the hashtag #obama. SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? The word debt appears in some utterances, but mainly in the context of the education debt for the Democrats. functional words) are rather limited. The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). Differentiations between political parties can however be observed as, for example, studies based on tweets (Sylwester and Purver, 2015). SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". A speech analysis is an evaluation of a speech. Moreover, these examples demonstrate the frequent use of symploces (repetition of the same formulation, e.g. <> The rhetorical brilliance of Trump the demagogue - The Conversation The fifth section visualizes the relative position of each candidate in stylistic and topical spaces. Analyzes president john f kennedy's use of parallelism, aristotle appeals, trustworthy information for other sources, and references back to himself. But I watch you a lot. To measure the specificity attached to a term (Lafon, 1980; Muller, 1992), the corpus is split into two disjoint parts denoted P0 and P1. That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. tweets, blogs, chats) was used by OConnor et al. Select two options. 1. Some persons never appear in a TV debate (e.g. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. Ask students to research the history of the speech. Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. Finally, her email case and FBI investigations were a real concern for her image in the public, especially during the general election campaign. In State of the Union speeches by Obama, the absolute frequency of the article the and the pronoun we is very similar. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. Read the first three paragraphs of Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. In this table, the personal pronouns are depicted in bold. What is the impact of the loaded language in this paragraph? For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only.
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