In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. In Brazil, where sugar had been tried even before its planting in the Caribbean, the coffee bush was imported from Arabia or Ethiopia via Indonesia, and it had an impact similar to that of sugar in the Caribbean. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. Web15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves.
Slavery the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. before.)
1860 United States census - Wikipedia Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in Estimates of the number of former slaves who U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
1870 Census: First census since abolition of slavery; population of Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. highest in the U.S. in 1860. sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Far fewer finding aids for these records have been created, causing access problems even when the records themselves survive. Privacy Policy. Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? available through Heritage Quest at. You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. WebBelow are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. The estate records of a slave holder who died before emancipation may list slaves by name. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult.
Chart: Slave population in 1860 - Bill of Rights Institute ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. Thanks so much for joining us. But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at
task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. The census shows no subdivisions within the County. Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule.
Slave In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. almost non-existent. These records include private, business, and school records. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States.
The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data SOURCES. States that saw significant increases in colored population The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total In the South, the percentage of the population that was enslaved was extraordinarily high: over 70 percent in most counties along the Mississippi River and parts of the South Carolina and Georgia coast. Historian Steven Deyle estimates "that between 1820 and 1860 at least 875,000 American slaves were forcibly removed from the Upper South to the Lower South." 500-999 acres. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. The History Guy: Slave Rebellions and Uprisings in the U.S. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be B. Uzzle? Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Army. FORMAT. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto By the 1870 (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age And we might say, can we generalize?
Franklin County purposes.
U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition | HISTORY Of, 67 slaves, Harris page 221B, DAVIS, Dr. The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011).
at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. Available for all Georgia counties. should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania
A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm
Slavery 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. Georgia Archives ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine
African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia
held by Rambo on 481B. All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history);
County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. All rights reserved. FORMAT. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. Most notable in this collection are the WPA surveys of cemeteries, church records, county records, various publications, manuscript collections and the surveys of other states. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. When looking at the population density of all free persons (below in 1860), large swathes of the South appear virtually depopulated. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included PURPOSE. Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana
Statista. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). It was a testimony to the thirst for education that the black population had. 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. Its not 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. U.S. What did you find? surname. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very records of the holder. out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. slaveholder in each County. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. You only have access to basic statistics. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the Franklin Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. But for the most part the slave population spread westward to the lands opened for settlement by the Louisiana Purchase, the dispossession of the Indian nations of the Southeast, the war with Mexico, and the distribution of public lands. Estimates of the number of former slaves supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of such age
Reconstruction - Civil War End, Changes & Act of 1867 - History WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. An Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. FORMER SLAVES. On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. Copyright 2006 NPR. Plantation names were not shown on the census. list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African January 1, 2020. We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. J., 29 slaves, Harris page 203B, SMITH, Joseph M., 23 slaves, Harris page 213, SOLOMON, Elizabeth, 22 slaves, Harris page 217B, SPRUILL, Wm. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population about half of those living in the southern States. I asked them for the story behind the numbers. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.).
Clark County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, Where did the freed slaves go? A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. Lincoln Mullen N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. Terms of Use Learn more. WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, This animation of the density of slave population from 1790 to 1860 shows how slavery expanded more than it grew. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. "Estimated Number of African Slaves Who Were Taken from Various Regions* of Africa during The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Each Century from 1501 to 1866. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. It is the first census to name all former slaves.
Records of Enslaved People | SLNC - NCDCR [Online]. An American Slave with To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website.