In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550). [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). . As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Choose the statement (s) that highlights the difference between social movements and other forms of collective behaviors such as fads and fashions. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976.
Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. The. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. [10]
The Significance of Spanish Colonial Missions in our National Story and "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. Q4 . Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations.
Central America - The Spanish conquest | Britannica The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. . Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. These governorates, also called as provinces, were the basic of the territorial government of the Indies,[67] and arose as the territories were conquered and colonized. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola.
Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples - Wikipedia 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. Maya society under colonial rule: The collective enterprise of survival. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed soldiers, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. In addition, indigenous accounts were written by the defeated from the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, a case of history being written by those other than the victors. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. One in 1949 stars Fredric March as Columbus. Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. I think the Spanish had monarchy. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. 1493: The colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves.
Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet Spalding, Karen. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. The empire in the Indies was a newly established dependency of the kingdom of Castile alone, so crown power was not impeded by any existing cortes (i.e. 1 (2012): 26-40. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. Hispanic Research Journal 13, no. Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604.
European Colonization of North America - National Geographic Society The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. What factors lead to their demise? Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. Respect was out of the question then, as now, when people of one race consider themselves to be superior to people of other races. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. To feed urban populations and mining workforces, small-scale farms (ranchos), (estancias), and large-scale enterprises (haciendas) emerged to fill the demand, especially for foodstuffs that Spaniards wanted to eat, most especially wheat. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. Question. 5, p. 453. Select the correct answer. Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. The loss of indigenous population had a direct impact on Spaniards as well, since increasingly they saw those populations as a source of their own wealth, disappearing before their eyes.[57]. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Settlements/Geography Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. "[110], Their main function was judicial, as a court of justice of second instance court of appeal in penal and civil matters, but also the Audiencias were courts the first instance in the city where it had its headquarters, and also in the cases involving the Royal Treasury. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. [159], The epic journey of lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca has been portrayed in a 1991 feature-length Mexican film, Cabeza de Vaca. The crown enacted Laws of Burgos (1513) and the Requerimiento to curb the power of the Spanish conquerors and give indigenous populations the opportunity to peacefully embrace Spanish authority and Christianity. [73] The office of captain general involved to be the supreme military chief of the whole territory and he was responsible for recruiting and providing troops, the fortification of the territory, the supply and the shipbuilding. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. That was of enslaved Africans. The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . Religious orders had their own internal regulations and leadership. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. That expedition was to make world history.
apush mcq 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . Lockhart, James. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. The protection of the indigenous populations from enslavement and exploitation by Spanish settlers were established in the Laws of Burgos, 15121513. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. For other uses, see, Ecological conquests and demographic catastrophe, Assertion of royal control in the early Caribbean, Civil administrative districts, provinces, Frontier institutions presidio and mission, Early economy of indigenous tribute and labor. Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. [121] However, both charges were also put up for sale freely since the late 16th century. How did spain handle all the inflation? [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. Las Casas, Bartolome.
Chapter 4 Inquizitive- Hist 11 Flashcards | Quizlet [124] Presidios had a resident commanders, who set up commercial enterprises of imported merchandise, selling it to soldiers as well as Indian allies. Miller, Gary. [5] The deeply pious Isabella saw the expansion of Spain's sovereignty inextricably paired with the evangelization of non-Christian peoples, the so-called spiritual conquest with the military conquest. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76].