Richard Bleier, BAL: 7.5 inches4. Cleveland Indians placed RHP Trevor Bauer on the 10-day disabled list retroactive to August 12, 2018. From the view of his release below, the pitch is . In 2019, his four-seamer has the 34th-most rise, at +2.2 inches more than similar fastballs at his 90.0 MPH. The steep drop began around June 3, when baseball made it known that it would address the issue directly. Heres how all the pitchers in our data ranked based on three different ways of comparing fastball spin changes: Or use the tool below to see how spin rates changed for any pitcher in our analysis. Here are the teams in 2020 with the highest spin rate on fastballs according to MLB Statcast. 5. Reds pitchers have been among the league leaders in four-seam whiff rate all season all those high-spin high fastballs probably have something to do with it. Curve spin rate: 77th percentile Four-seam averages (2018-2021): 2487, 2474, 2472, 2483 Consistency is Scherzer's middle name. Green has struggled this year, with a 13.50 ERA, and lack of movement on that split makes sense. Their pitchers' ability to harness their high-spin, high-movement arsenals is certainly playing a big part in Cincinnati's emergence as a strikeout staff. xBA measures the likelihood that a batted ball will And spin was at the center of it. Antone has flashed high fastball spin, too (2,655 rpm), he just throws a two-seamer. In 2015, 207 pitchers threw at least 100 curveballs. Gray and Bauer provide all the breaking-ball spin the starting rotation needs -- Castillo's out pitch is his changeup (maybe the best changeup in baseball), and changeups are low-spin offerings. Over 100 mph and breaking over a foot and a half. And after you watch these, how could you think otherwise? attempt. 4-Seam Fastball (50.4%) Slider (28.3%) Curveball (18.8%) Changeup (2.4%) + If Available Pitches Click to Video. The movement of a pitch is defined in inches, both in Presslys hook sweeps side to side at a level above anyone else's -- he gets 10 inches more horizontal movement than curveballs thrown at similar velocities and release points. Spin Direction - Pitches. If not, why not? It's well known that his velocity has dropped, but so has the movement.\n\n[In 2017](https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/pitch-movement?year=2017&team=&min=q&pitch_type=FF&hand=&x=pitcher_break_x&z=pitcher_break_z), his four-seamer had the most rise in baseball, +5.0 inches more than similar fastballs at his 92.8 MPH velocity and release.\n\n[In 2018](https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/pitch-movement?year=2018&team=&min=q&pitch_type=FF&hand=&x=pitcher_break_x&z=pitcher_break_z), his four-seamer had the 14th-most rise, at +2.9 inches more than similar fastballs at his 90.8 MPH.\n\n[In 2019](https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/pitch-movement?year=2019&team=&min=q&pitch_type=FF&hand=&x=pitcher_break_x&z=pitcher_break_z), his four-seamer has the 34th-most rise, at +2.2 inches more than similar fastballs at his 90.0 MPH.\n\nRemember, these are being compared to pitches thrown in the same velocity and release range, so this is capturing more than just lower speed.\n\n**SINKERS / TWO-SEAM FASTBALLS (**[**leaderboard**](https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/pitch-movement?year=2019&team=&min=q&pitch_type=SIFT&hand=&x=pitcher_break_x&z=pitcher_break_z)**)**\n\nThe top five in drop, or sink added over average:\n\n**1\\. More than a month into the era of increased scrutiny on the application of prohibited sticky substances to major league baseballs, spin rates on fastballs have fallen about 4 percent, as strikeouts have decreased and on-base percentage has risen midseason changes without parallel in decades. spoiler. Its been 12 years since the left-hander unleashed a gorgeous one to freeze veteran Sean Casey in Spring Training 2008 (before his rookie season), prompting legendary announcer Vin Scully to chuckle in astonishment before dubbing the pitch, Public Enemy No. Both those marks are tops in the Majors. Right fibula stress fracture. Father's heralded gift to Seth Lugo: Hellacious curveball How hard, in miles per hour, a fielder throws the ball. I wouldnt be surprised one bit.. So, it's a slider, albeit one that drops like a curve, and that's why it rates so well here. More spin (specifically, transverse spin) creates more of the phenomenon known as Magnus Effect,. pic.twitter.com/BbVWZwDDwQ, Aaron Nola, Unfair 80mph Curveball (9th K thru 4IP). When thrown up in the zone, it is more likely . 1. Rogers has the most extreme delivery of any pitcher in baseball. The highest spin rate in 2019 was Chris Stratton at 3105 RPM. What is a good spin rate for a curveball? How high/low, in degrees, a ball was hit by a batter. "feet per second in a player's fastest one-second In the rows below, you may find each pitcher's spin direction per pitch type, from the hitter's perspective. You can also see how this changes year over year. ","type":"markdown"},{"__typename":"ExternalEmbed","data":{"__typename":"ExternalEmbedContent","html":", Lucas Sims, Nasty 82mph Curveballand Sword. A high-spin curveball tends to get more movement, and more break on your curve is good if you want to get strikeouts with it, and also keep hitters from getting it into the air where they can do damage. Each of these methods yields a slightly different list. Blake Treinen, OAK: 7.6 inches. and 32 degrees. In 2021, walks increased after June 15 for the first time in decades: The share of at-bats ending in strikeouts dropped to 23 percent: Together, these contributed to the biggest increase in on-base percentage since at least 1990: To measure the effect of the new rules on pitchers, The New York Times examined data from every fastball from 2017 to 2021, about 1.7 million pitches in all, and compared the change in spin rates in previous seasons with the rates in 2021. Horizontal movement is also important for curves, and that's a fun list, too. How quickly, in seconds, a catcher can get the ball out He struck out 117 batters with it this year, making him the only pitcher since 2008 with 100-plus cutter K's in a season. A Bolt is any run where the Sprint Speed (defined as All rights reserved. . Let's look at two different curveballs from Richards that differ in spin rate by about 500 RPM. It's well known that his velocity has dropped, but so has the movement. Just because the 2020 season hasn't started yet, doesn't mean baseball fans have to forget what it's like to watch the best of the best. window") of the runner is at least 30 ft/sec. This week, MLB.com is highlighting some of the nastiest pitches in baseball -- a different pitch type every day, with five pitchers featured for each (no repeats), picked by our reporters. How hard, in miles per hour, a fielder throws the ball. With a spin rate (2,886 rpm) that was well above the MLB curveball average (2,523 rpm), the big sweeping hook neutralized all comers, regardless of what batter's box they were standing in, and helped the veteran right-hander finish third in the American League Cy Young Award voting. Curveballs, on average, usually drop between 40 to 70 inches. That's a lot of elite spin. How much time, in seconds, it takes a runner to get from Statcast's tracking technology lets us see the numbers behind the best pitches in baseball, whether it's a triple-digit fastball or a high-spin curveball or a slider with two feet of break. Trevor Cahill, LAA: 7.9 inches4. Since so much of this is rooted in physics, it's actually somewhat complicated. Statcast Active Spin Leaderboard | baseballsavant.com How far, in feet, a runner is ranging off the bag at the try to picture the spin axis on a spinning baseball as it's traveling to the plate. Right away, these are satisfying results. How fast, in miles per hour, a ball was hit by a batter. Best Curveball pitchers in major league history used arm angle, ball spin,command and set up uncle charlie with fastball. A measurement of a player's top running speed, expressed in "feet per second in a player's fastest one-second window." Bolt A Bolt is any run where the Sprint Speed (defined as "feet per second in a player's fastest one-second window") of the runner is at least 30 . They traded for Bauer, Driveline's most famous acolyte and maybe the most data-driven pitcher in MLB today, last July to form a starting-pitching troika with Luis Castillo and Sonny Gray. Gore has been astounding, but his numbers are slightly higher (3.00 ERA, 3.35 expected . The Reds have two of the most prominent figures in pitching analytics spearheading their staff: Kyle Boddy and Trevor Bauer. A Statcast metric designed to express the demonstrated skill of catchers at preventing wild pitches or passed balls compared to their peers. 4-seam spin rate: 2,309 rpm. Awesome stuff from Sean.pic.twitter.com/rjNAqZLoaF. The average Major League fastball is 93.5 mph. Sean Doolittle has one of the most unhittable four-seamers in the game. A batted ball with the perfect combination of exit Current: Curves with higher spin were more likely to jump to 50 percent or higher in terms of grounders. pic.twitter.com/qNj0bVUQ6C, Ryan Pressly, Disgusting 83mph Curveball. Spin rate in particular stands out, because while measuring things like foot speed or arm strength is simply putting numbers to things we've always seen, spin rate is something most of us had never even considered before 2015, much less put numbers to.So, to Richards' question: Is high spin on a curveball good? Kirby Yates, SD: 3.5 inches4. We know Britton throws his sinking fastball about 90% of the time. This high-spin, rising fastball from Cole carried right onto the corner of the strike zone, where Bogaerts could only watch it and walk back to the dugout. That puts them in a different tier. Trevor Bauer, CLE: 8.9 inches2. Seth Lugo, NYM: 7.7 inches5. velocity and launch angle. As you can see, all pitches drop to some extent. In Richards' case, even if he doesn't know or care about the spin, it's served him well. @mike_petriello @statcast @MLB is that a good thing? Ryan Pressly, HOU: 10.8 inches2. xERA is a simple 1:1 translation of xwOBA, converted to Like this one, which was barely over 50 mph and froze Nez for a called strike -- the slowest strike thrown in 2021 by someone who wasn't a position player pitching. Before Clase, the pitchers with the next-highest cutter velocity in a single season were Garrett Richards (2014) and Kevin Jepsen (2009) at 96.6 mph. Statcast refers to the spin that contributes to movement Tony Sipp, WSN: 3.1 inches. And it began to level off around June 15, the date M.L.B. and, on certain types of batted balls, Sprint Speed. David Hale, for example, had one of the lowest curve spin rates, and he allowed a slugging percentage of over .500 against it, though Coors Field surely isn't any pitcher's friend -- and we shouldn't say with certainty yet that "more is better," because we need more evidence.With the caveat that we need to learn more about useful spin, and with the knowledge that speeds and setting up the hitter with other good pitches certainly matter as well, spin certainly has an impact on a curve. Charlie Morton. Active Spin, We call the spin that contributes to movement as. MLB's Best Curveballs | Just Baseball as Active Spin. No matter what stats you look at, the message is pretty clear: good luck hitting a Glasnow curveball. 4-seam spin rate: 2,309 rpm Here are the teams in 2020with the highest spin rate on curveballs according to MLB Statcst. Its been 12 years since the left-hander unleashed a gorgeous one to freeze veteran Sean Casey in Spring Training 2008 (before his rookie season), prompting legendary announcer Vin Scully to chuckle in astonishment before dubbing the pitch, Public Enemy No. 08/14/2018. Guerra has been very good, with a 2.52 ERA, but while his splitter had been getting between 29 and 31 inches of drop in previous seasons, it's dropping only 24.7 inches this year. They don't call Jackson "the Friendly Neighborhood Slider-Man" for nothing, apparently. This gets complicated, but it's a complicated topic. The movement of a pitch is defined in inches, both in Statcast Year to Year Stats | baseballsavant.com First, over the last three seasons, [Hughes' ground ball rate of 63% is the second best](https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=pit&lg=all&qual=150&type=8&season=2019&month=0&season1=2017&ind=0&team=0&rost=0&age=0&filter=&players=0&sort=14,d) of the 210 pitchers who threw 150 innings, so that makes sense.\n\nSecond, just _look_ at this thing. The Pitchers Whose Spin Rates Fell Most After a Crackdown on Sticky Sims' four-seamer is getting 2.4 inches of rise above average; his curve is getting 6.2 inches of horizontal break above average. Highest 4-seam spin rate, 20201) Trevor Bauer (CIN): 2,827 rpm2) Lucas Sims (CIN): 2,803 rpm3) Dillon Maples (CHC): 2,792 rpm4) Luke Bard (LAA): 2,747 rpm5) Corbin Burnes (MIL): 2,676 rpmMLB avg. Pitch movement numbers have been available for years -- here, as one example, are the slider vertical movement numbers at FanGraphs -- but they've been somewhat challenging for the viewer to reconcile, because they remove gravity from the equation, instead measuring inferred movement against a theoretical "spin-free" pitch. How much spin, in revolutions per minute, a pitch was Bauer's, which he designed specifically to get vertical drop, is getting 8.9 inches more drop than an average curve. Zack Greinke vs. Renato Nez, April 1251.5 mph slow curve. Teams. His changeup spin rate of 1,457 rotations per . He's unhittable. Bats can't be thicker than 2.6 inches at their thickest point; 4.4 inches of rise is a lot. Cleveland Indians recalled RHP Trevor Bauer from Columbus Clippers. Hundreds of rpm is a big difference in spin rate. Tyler Chatwood, CHC: 8.2 inches4. Sims had top-tier four-seam spin last season, averaging 2,641 rpm -- top-five in MLB -- but he's also a big gainer in 2020, with 150 extra rpm.\n\nIn the five years of Statcast tracking, no pitcher has averaged 2,800-plus rpm on their four-seamer for a full season. Analyzing Spin Rate Standouts Among 2022 Draftees 40-Man Roster Depth Chart Coaches Top 30 Prospects Transactions Front Office Broadcasters Minor League Affiliates. An increase in spin rate can add more movement to breaking pitches. How quickly, in seconds, a catcher can get the ball out Sign up to receive our daily Morning Lineup to stay in the know about the latest trending topics around Major League Baseball. How quickly, in seconds, a catcher can get the ball out The Cincinnati pitching staff leads the Major Leagues in fastball and curveball spin rate -- and that's no accident. These are the top five in rise added -- and remember: "rise" is something of an illusion, as it's really more about a pitch that 'drops less than expected.' His horizontal break is top 3 vs the average and vertical break is top 4 (lower vertical break to create drop). To that point, he had a 33.6% putaway rate on the pitch, the highest of any pitcher to throw more than 100 two-strike curveballs. The likelihood, in percent, that an outfielder will be Statcast refers to the spin that contributes to movement Which pitcher gets the most drop on his curveball? How much time, in seconds, it takes a runner to get from Five of his six strikeouts in his four scoreless relief appearances this season have come on his four-seamer and curve. And they know where to throw them -- the Reds are throwing nearly 60% of their four-seamers in the upper third of the zone or higher, the third-most elevated fastballs of any team.\n\nReds pitchers have been among the league leaders in four-seam whiff rate all season all those high-spin high fastballs probably have something to do with it.\n\nNow let's check out the curves. (Yates in particular may be the best reliever that no one seems to know about, and he only started throwing his splitter in 2017.) Yu Darvish, CHC: 4.2 inches3. Curves with higher spin were more likely to jump to 50 percent or higher in terms of grounders. Phil Maton, SD: 6.0 inches2. His spin rate on changeup was much lower than the average. These materials allowed pitchers to grip the ball so well that they were able to generate far more torque on pitches, which in turn allowed them to spin the ball faster, making it harder to hit. His curveball had an average spin rate of 2,907 rpm, ranking fourth among starting pitchers to throw at least 250 curves last year. of his glove and to the base on a stolen base or pickoff pic.twitter.com/Q0oKpcE5QN. Sign up to receive our daily Morning Lineup to stay in the know about the latest trending topics around Major League Baseball. In 2017, his four-seamer had the most rise in baseball, +5.0 inches more than similar fastballs at his 92.8 MPH velocity and release. The top five in vertical drop added above average: 1. The Reds have two pitchers doing that right now.\n\nIn fact, the Reds have three pitchers in MLB's top 10 highest-spin four-seamers, and four averaging 2,400 rpm or higher.\n\n**Reds pitchers on 4-seam fastball spin rate leaderboard** \nTrevor Bauer: 2,817 rpm -- #1 in MLB \nLucas Sims: 2,801 rpm -- #2 in MLB (#1 among RP) \nMichael Lorenzen: 2,644 rpm -- #9 in MLB (#7 among RP) \nSonny Gray: 2,405 rpm -- top 25% of MLB (top 28% among SP) \nRaisel Iglesias: 2,386 rpm -- top 29% of MLB (top 27% among RP)\n\nAlmost half of the four-seam fastballs the Reds have thrown this season have had a spin rate of 2,500 rpm or higher. Support the channel by subscribing to my Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/MadethecutFollow me on Instagram: officialmadethecutMLB 2018, MLB top plays, mlb be. Tyler Glasnow, RaysWhy he's so nasty: 2,907 rpm spin rate. Highest average curveball spin, 2015-16, minimum 50 pitches (326 qualified pitchers) 1. Shohei Ohtani vs. Luis Robert, April 492.6 mph splitter. Spin Rate How much spin, in revolutions per minute, a pitch was thrown with. A good pitcher can throw a curveball at 85 mph with a spin rate of 2,400 rpm with about 20 pounds of friction force . His curveball had an average spin rate of 2,907 rpm, ranking fourth among starting pitchers to throw at least 250 curves last year. Over half of the Reds' curveballs have had a spin rate of 2,900 rpm or higher (53.4%). Its spin rate is higher than any other curveball in the game3,294 revolutions per minutewhich is both the secret to its success and a new frontier in hitters' devastation. About a third of them have been 3,000 rpm or higher (32.9%). the ERA scale, A measurement of a player's top running speed, expressed 2,970 rpm -- Charlie Morton 5. \n","providerName":"Twitter","providerUrl":"https://twitter.com","type":"rich","width":550},"type":"oembed"},{"__typename":"Markdown","content":"Thornburg, meanwhile, [does have elite spin](https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/statcast_search?hfPT=FF%7C&hfAB=&hfBBT=&hfPR=&hfZ=&stadium=&hfBBL=&hfNewZones=&hfGT=R%7C&hfC=&hfSea=2019%7C&hfSit=&player_type=pitcher&hfOuts=&opponent=&pitcher_throws=&batter_stands=&hfSA=&game_date_gt=&game_date_lt=&hfInfield=&team=&position=&hfOutfield=&hfRO=&home_road=&hfFlag=&hfPull=&metric_1=&hfInn=&min_pitches=0&min_results=100&group_by=name&sort_col=spin_rate&player_event_sort=h_launch_speed&sort_order=desc&min_pas=0#results), though his 7.13 ERA this year proves it takes more than that to succeed, and no one should be surprised that Hader's unhittable fastball is about more than just his 95.1 MPH velocity.\n\nYou can also see how this changes year over year. Every pitched baseball spins in a certain direction. Espaol. a batted-ball event with a launch angle between eight Let's take a look through each pitch type for 2019, through Monday, and see how this method aligns with our expectations. Crick's slider broke two full feet from right to left which is why Adams swung at it even though it was so far inside it ended up hitting him on the back leg. The top five in drop, or sink added over average: 1. xwOBA is formulated using exit velocity, launch angle Source: Upshot analysis of pitch data. Although applying any foreign substance to a baseball has been prohibited since the 1920s, the use of sticky substances like Spider Tack a powerful adhesive created to help competitive strongmen and strongwomen hoist enormous Atlas stones was an open secret, in line with the sports tradition of winking at scofflaws until the situation gets out of control. produces a result. So it's impressive that the Reds top both lists. All rights reserved. Richards, the king of high spin, managed a stellar 75-percent grounder rate on his curve, which is to say that three quarters of the curves that hitters make contact with went into the ground. produces a result. Best curveballs in baseball 2020 - MLB It's also satisfying that at the other end, who get the least drop -- or most rise, if you prefer -- are Chad Green and Junior Guerra, though for different reasons. Remember, these are being compared to pitches thrown in the same velocity and release range, so this is capturing more than just lower speed. produces a result. Reds pitchers on 4-seam fastball spin rate leaderboardTrevor Bauer: 2,817 rpm -- #1 in MLBLucas Sims: 2,801 rpm -- #2 in MLB (#1 among RP)Michael Lorenzen: 2,644 rpm -- #9 in MLB (#7 among RP)Sonny Gray: 2,405 rpm -- top 25% of MLB (top 28% among SP)Raisel Iglesias: 2,386 rpm -- top 29% of MLB (top 27% among RP). Of course, if you want to report these things with gravity included, you have to account for the fact that gravity requires time to have an effect. No one throws more fastballs than Doolittle does (92.4%); this helps explain why, and also that it's about more than raw spin rate, which for Doolittle is actually low, just 36th percentile -- it's likely that his spin axis is near-perfect. Williams' unique "airbender" changeup moves like a screwball. And his curveball is a big reason why. Luke Jackson, ATL: 9.5 inches2. MLB Advanced Media, LP. raw numbers and as a measurement against average. A range-based metric of skill that shows how many outs a No, this is more about aesthetics. The top five in vertical drop over average: 1. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 Avg. How hard, in miles per hour, a pitch is thrown. In 2018, his four-seamer had the 14th-most rise, at +2.9 inches more than similar fastballs at his 90.8 MPH. The Reds have amassed a stable of high-spin arms, and they sure look like they're targeting and developing these pitchers for a reason. How far, in feet, a fielder or runner has traveled on a Every pitch drops. When asked about the effects of the rule changes, Rob Manfred, the commissioner of Major League Baseball, focused on the positive effects it has had on the games offense. Both Bauer and Gray get a lot of movement on their curves. So for example, take curveballs in 2018. With those extra rotations, the balls not going to wind up there., The comments section is closed. outfield. A batted ball with the perfect combination of exit 3) Lucas Sims (CIN): 3,116 rpm4) Joe Kelly (LAD): 3,065 rpm5) Casey Sadler (CHC): 3,008 rpmMLB avg. Nutmeg. But in 2020? Although Edwards Jr. boasted the second highest fastball spin rate of any pitcher in the big leagues in 2018 with at least 75 fastballs thrown, Spin+ believes Triggs' ability to spin the baseball is actually ~90 rpm higher than Edwards Jr.'s, once you control for the advantage that Edwards Jr. has with regards to velocity and axis. This pick isnt really about the numbers, though Kershaws have been excellent. exit velocity of 95 mph or higher. Aaron Bummer, CHW:** 6.8 inches \n**5\\. Aaron Nola, PhilliesWhy he's so nasty: 445 called + swinging strikes on curves. The direction of the spin around an axis, along with the spin rate, helps inform the movement of the ball. Reds pitchers on curveball spin rate leaderboardLucas Sims: 3,186 rpm -- #3 in MLB (#2 among RP)Brooks Raley: 2,975 rpm -- #10 in MLB (#8 among RP)Sonny Gray: 2,959 rpm -- #12 in MLB (#4 among SP)Tejay Antone: 2,943 rpm -- #15 in MLB (#8 among RP)Trevor Bauer: 2,862 rpm -- #20 in MLB (#9 among SP). window.". time of a pitcher's first movement or pitch release. Statcast Spin Axis All Pitches | baseballsavant.com Still, it's satisfying that Parker, Neris, and Yates are at the top of this list, given the success they've found with their respective splitters. While average spin rates are still not touching that of early 2021 . They're one of four teams, along with the Indians, Rays and D-backs, to have already reached the 100-K mark in 2020. Cutter: Up 24; 99.67% of 2021. Jump is a Statcast metric that shows which players have Its not even Kershaws go-to breaking ball -- that would be his slider -- but it is the pitch people will remember most long after he retires. We could measure the simple change in spin rate before around the time of the ban, as we did above. Statcast Pitch Arsenal Verlander relies on 4 pitches. 1. The curve has been dazzling ever since. Curveballs and sliders typically will register the highest raw spin totals of all pitches (MLB average spin rate 2430-2530 rpms ), though these ranges can become more inflated based on the gyroscopic spin measurements of each pitch. Mike Fiers, -11.99 inches Cleveland Indians activated RHP Trevor Bauer from the 10-day injured list. Cleveland Guardians pitching highlight in-game highlight Pitching CLE Quantrill R Pitch Type: Curveball Pitch Speed: 83.6 mph Spin Rate: 2451 rpm Batting NYY Volpe R Exit Velocity: - Launch Angle: - Hit Distance: 0 ft BOTTOM 3 1 - 2, 1 Out For a batter, Best Speed is an average of 50% of his hardest hit balls. Garrett Richards has a unique ability, and the chance to harness its pitch. Highest spin rate in @MLB last season. Pitch classification is always a moving target. Ottavino, famously, rode his mastery of pitch design to a three-year contract with the Yankees, thanks to his demon slider, and you're not surprised to see Bauer here. Quantrill strikes out Volpe | 05/01/2023 | Cleveland Guardians - MLB Four-seam fastballs, depending on their velocity and movement, drop something like 10 to 25 inches on their way to the plate. Clase throws the hardest cutter on record, and this one is the single fastest cutter strikeout on record -- a 101.8 mph game-ending K. Pitch tracking goes back to 2008, and Clase has all of the 19 fastest strikeouts on cutters in that span.